Bringing together a discussion of the new materials developed for IPV with a focus on environmental sustainability will be important for guiding future materials selection efforts, as well as shaping future processing routes toward those with low toxicity and environmental impact.
For instance, the materials used by the energy harvesters should not be hazardous to health or contain toxic elements that are regulated. Relevant impacts generally include climate change, ozone depletion, human toxicity and ecotoxicity, particulate matter, acidification, eutrophication, land use, and depletion of water and other resources (e.g., minerals and metals). However, a critical consideration that has yet to be addressed for IPV, and largely also for other types of energy harvesters, is their environmental sustainability, which involves having minimal negative impacts on the environment-as can be determined through the life cycle assessment.
Simultaneous with the rapid developments in the IoT, the past few years have also witnessed rapid developments in the performance and stability of a wide range of emerging materials for IPV. Furthermore, IPV provide comparatively high power density among the various energy harvesting technologies that can be adopted indoors. IPV harvest the energy from indoor lighting without emitting any greenhouse gases, and the devices can be scaled from the sub-mm 2 to >100 cm 2 area to power a wide range of different types of IoT electronics. Indeed, indoor photovoltaics (IPV) are widely deployable because of the common availability of lighting inside buildings and their reliance on radiative energy transfer. It is therefore important to develop energy harvesters that can act as suitable alternatives or work in conjunction with batteries.Ī particularly promising route to addressing these challenges is to use photovoltaics (PV) to harvest ambient light inside buildings to power indoor IoT devices. Solely powering autonomous IoT devices with batteries may not sustain the growing complexity and size of the IoT ecosystem as it proceeds to one trillion nodes. However, batteries have a comparatively short lifespan, which limits the size and power consumption of the IoT devices, as well as the applications they can be used in, which need to compatible with battery replacement and maintenance. Currently, autonomous IoT nodes are most commonly powered using batteries. A substantial portion of the billions of new IoT devices that will be installed in the coming years are expected to be located inside buildings. Such devices enable daily objects and environments to acquire data connectivity and “intelligence,” enhancing the quality of our daily lives and the efficiency of our businesses. A key pillar is the Internet of Things (IoT), which is a rapidly growing network of interconnected smart devices with access to the cloud. Society is in the midst of the so-called “Fourth Industrial Revolution” (Industry 4.0), in which there is a fusion of the physical, digital and biological spheres that will reshape the way people live and interact with each other. By examining emerging avenues for eco-friendly IPV, timely insight is provided into promising directions toward IPV that can sustainably power the IoT revolution. Finally, IPV based on emerging lead-free perovskite-inspired absorbers are examined, highlighting their status and prospects for low-cost, durable, and efficient energy harvesting that is not harmful to the end user and environment. A range of IPV technologies-both incumbent and emerging-developed to date is discussed, with an emphasis on their environmental sustainability. For IPV to provide an eco-friendly route to powering IoT devices, it is crucial that its underlying materials and fabrication processes are low-toxicity and not harmful to the environment over the product life cycle.
It then discusses how indoor photovoltaics (IPV) constitutes an attractive energy harvesting solution, given its deployability, reliability, and power density. This Progress Report discusses how energy harvesting can address this challenge.
CHALLENGE PECUNIA HOW TO
However, the ongoing exponential growth of the IoT device ecosystem-up to tens of billions of units to date-poses a challenge regarding how to power such devices. The Internet of Things (IoT) provides everyday objects and environments with “intelligence” and data connectivity to improve quality of life and the efficiency of a wide range of human activities.
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